Text analysis framework for identifying mutations among non-small cell lung cancer patients from laboratory data.

BACKGROUND: Laboratory data can provide great value to support research aimed at reducing the incidence, prolonging survival and enhancing outcomes of cancer. Data is characterized by the information it carries and the format it holds. Data captured in Alberta's biomarker laboratory repository is free text, cluttered and rouge. Such data format limits its utility and prohibits broader adoption and research development. Text analysis for information extraction of unstructured data can change this and lead to more complete analyses. Previous work on extracting relevant information from free text, unstructured data employed Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Learning (ML), rule-based Information Extraction (IE) methods, or a hybrid combination between them. METHODS: In our study, text analysis was performed on Alberta Precision Laboratories data which consisted of 95,854 entries from the Southern Alberta Dataset (SAD) and 6944 entries from the Northern Alberta Dataset (NAD). The data covers all of Alberta and is completely population-based. Our proposed framework is built around rule-based IE methods. It incorporates topics such as Syntax and Lexical analyses to achieve deterministic extraction of data from biomarker laboratory data (i.e., Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) test results). Lexical analysis compromises of data cleaning and pre-processing, Rich Text Format text conversion into readable plain text format, and normalization and tokenization of text. The framework then passes the text into the Syntax analysis stage which includes the rule-based method of extracting relevant data. Rule-based patterns of the test result are identified, and a Context Free Grammar then generates the rules of information extraction. Finally, the results are linked with the Alberta Cancer Registry to support real-world cancer research studies. RESULTS: Of the original 5512 entries in the SAD dataset and 5017 entries in the NAD dataset which were filtered for EGFR, the framework yielded 5129 and 3388 extracted EGFR test results from the SAD and NAD datasets, respectively. An accuracy of 97.5% was achieved on a random sample of 362 tests. CONCLUSIONS: We presented a text analysis framework to extract specific information from unstructured clinical data. Our proposed framework has shown that it can successfully extract relevant information from EGFR test results.

Opportunities and Challenges of Extracting Values in Autobiographical Narratives.

We report three studies in which we applied a value dictionary to narratives. Our objective was to test a theory-driven value dictionary for extracting valuable information from autobiographical and narrative texts. In Studies 1 (N = 106) and 2 (N = 152), participants wrote short autobiographical narratives and in Study 3 (N = 150), participants wrote narratives based on ambiguous stimuli. Participants in all three studies also completed the Portrait Value Questionnaire as a self-report measure of values. Overall, our results demonstrate that it is possible to extract value-relevant information from these narratives. Extracted values from autobiographical narratives showed average correlations of 0.07 (Study 1) and 0.12 (Study 2) with self-reports compared to an average correlation of 0.01 for the extracted values from implicit motive tasks (Study 3). The correlations with self-reports were in line with previous validation studies. The most salient values in narratives diverged somewhat, with a stronger emphasis on achievement values compared to self-reports, probably due to the nature of salient episodes within one's life that require demonstrating success according to social standards. Benevolence values were consistently most important in both self-ratings and text-based scoring. The value structure emerging from narratives diverged from the theoretically predicted structure, yet broad personally vs. socially focused value dimensions were qualitatively discernible. We highlight opportunities and challenges for future value research using autobiographical stories.

Toward Data-Driven Radiation Oncology Using Standardized Terminology as a Starting Point: Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The inability to seamlessly exchange information across radiation therapy ecosystems is a limiting factor in the pursuit of data-driven clinical practice. The implementation of semantic interoperability is a prerequisite for achieving the full capacity of the latest developments in personalized and precision medicine, such as mathematical modeling, advanced algorithmic information processing, and artificial intelligence approaches. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the state of terminology resources (TRs) dedicated to radiation oncology as a prerequisite for an oncology semantic ecosystem. The goal of this cross-sectional analysis is to quantify the state of the art in radiation therapy specific terminology. METHODS: The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) was searched for the following terms: radio oncology, radiation oncology, radiation therapy, and radiotherapy. We extracted 6509 unique concepts for further analysis. We conducted a quantitative analysis of available source vocabularies (SVs) and analyzed all UMLS SVs according to the route source, number, author, location of authors, license type, the lexical density of TR, and semantic types. Descriptive data are presented as numbers and percentages. RESULTS: The concepts were distributed across 35 SVs. The median number of unique concepts per SV was 5 (range 1-5479), with 14% (5/35) of SVs containing 94.59% (6157/6509) of the concepts. The SVs were created by 29 authors, predominantly legal entities registered in the United States (25/35, 71%), followed by international organizations (6/35, 17%), legal entities registered in Australia (2/35, 6%), and the Netherlands and the United Kingdom with 3% (1/35) of authors each. Of the total 35 SVs, 16 (46%) did not have any restrictions on use, whereas for 19 (54%) of SVs, some level of restriction was required. Overall, 57% (20/35) of SVs were updated within the last 5 years. All concepts found within radiation therapy SVs were labeled with one of the 29 semantic types represented within UMLS. After removing the stop words, the total number of words for all SVs together was 56,219, with a median of 25 unique words per SV (range 3-50,682). The total number of unique words in all SVs was 1048, with a median of 19 unique words per vocabulary (range 3-406). The lexical density for all concepts within all SVs was 0 (0.02 rounded to 2 decimals). Median lexical density per unique SV was 0.7 (range 0.0-1.0). There were no dedicated radiation therapy SVs. CONCLUSIONS: We did not identify any dedicated TRs for radiation oncology. Current terminologies are not sufficient to cover the need of modern radiation oncology practice and research. To achieve a sufficient level of interoperability, of the creation of a new, standardized, universally accepted TR dedicated to modern radiation therapy is required.

O Uso do Software Iramuteq: Fundamentos de Lexicometria para Pesquisas Qualitativas / The Use of the Iramuteq Software: Fundamentals of Lexicometry for Qualitative Research / El uso del Software Iramuteq: Fundamentos de Lexicometría para la Investigación Cualitativa

A análise de dados qualitativos tem sido auxiliada por diferentes programas computacionais (e.g., Alceste, Iramuteq, TXM, Lexico). O Iramuteq é um software gratuito que auxilia o tratamento de dados textuais e oferece diferentes possibilidades de análise baseadas na estatística de texto, ou lexicometria. O artigo buscou apresentar essa abordagem e oferecer fundamentos teórico-metodológicos para o uso do Iramuteq em pesquisas qualitativas. O texto discorre sobre os princípios da lexicometria e apresenta as características, potencialidades e limites das diferentes técnicas de tratamento lexical viabilizadas pelo Iramuteq: Estatísticas Textuais Clássicas, Análise de Especificidades, Análise de Similitude, Análise Fatorial por Correspondência, Classificação Hierárquica Descendente (método Reinert - Alceste), Nuvem de Palavras e Análise Prototípica de evocações livres. Espera-se que o trabalho possa estimular a utilização crítica e contextualizada do Iramuteq em pesquisas qualitativas, assim como contribuir para a formação de estudantes de pós-graduação e pesquisadores da psicologia e áreas afins que possam se beneficiar do uso da ferramenta em seus estudos. (AU)

Qualitative data analysis has been aided by various computer programs (e.g., Alceste Iramuteq, TXM, Lexicon). Iramuteq is a free software that helps the treatment of textual data and offers different possibilities of analysis based on text statistics, or lexicometry. This paper aims to present this approach and provide theoretical and methodological foundations for the use of Iramuteq in qualitative research. The text discusses the principles of lexicometry and presents the characteristics, potentialities and limits of the different lexical treatment techniques made possible by Iramuteq: Classic Textual Statistics, Specificity Analysis, Similitude Analysis, Factorial Analysis by Correspondence, Descending Hierarchical Classification (Reinert's method - Alceste), Word Cloud and Prototypical Analysis of free evocations. It is expected that the work can stimulate the critical and contextualized use of Iramuteq in qualitative research, as well as contribute to the training of graduate students and researchers in psychology and related fields who can benefit from the use of the tool in their studies. (AU)

El análisis de datos cualitativos ha sido ayudado por diferentes programas de computadora (e.g., Alceste, Iramuteq, TXM, Lexico). Iramuteq es un software gratuito que ayuda al procesamiento de datos textuales y ofrece diferentes posibilidades de análisis basadas en estadísticas de texto o lexicometría. El artículo buscó presentar este enfoque y ofrecer fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos para el uso de Iramuteq en la investigación cualitativa. El texto analiza los principios de la lexicometría y presenta las características, potencialidades y límites de las diferentes técnicas de tratamiento léxico de Iramuteq: Estadística Textual Clásica, Análisis de Especificidad, Análisis de Similitud, Análisis Factorial por Correspondencia, Clasificación Jerárquica Descendente (método Reinert - Alceste), Nube de Palabras y Análisis Prototípico de evocaciones libres. Se espera que el trabajo pueda estimular el uso crítico y contextualizado de Iramuteq en la investigación cualitativa, así como contribuir a la capacitación de estudiantes graduados e investigadores en psicología y campos relacionados que puedan beneficiarse del uso de la herramienta en sus estudios. (AU)

Paradoxical positivity: Suicide notes use less distressed language than blogs about depression, suicidal thoughts, and even cooking.

INTRODUCTION: While suicide attempts and deaths increase, research and assessment methods have stagnated in terms of increasing predictive power. Lexical analysis has been a useful method in descriptive suicide research, but may have utility for assessment and prediction. OBJECTIVE: The present study used lexical analysis to examine language differences across a spectrum of psychological distress, with death by suicide as the most extreme indicator. METHODS: Suicide writings were collected for 38 persons who died by suicide in two southern U.S. cities. Blog writings were collected from the "Depression" and "Suicide" categories of an online mental health discussion community and from food blogging communities (n = 38 each). Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count was used to calculate proportions of words that fell into lexical categories indicative of distress. RESULTS: One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in first-person singular pronouns and words related to positive emotions, negative emotions, religion, and death. Suicide notes were found to use less frequent lexical markers of distress than depression and suicide ideation blogs, and more frequent positive emotion language than all comparison groups. CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that deciding to take one's life may be associated with a decrease in distress, and possibly an increase in positive emotion, when compared to those experiencing depression and suicidal thoughts.

E-mental health in child psychiatry during COVID-19: an initial attitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 propelled e-mental health within the Australian health system. It is important to learn from this to inform mental healthcare during future crises. METHOD: A lexical analysis was conducted of clinician reflections during COVID-19 as they delivered psychiatry services to children and families in New South Wales (n = 6) and transitioned to e-mental health. RESULTS: E-mental health can extend the reach of, and access to psychiatry services, particularly for individuals disadvantaged by inequity. Yet e-mental health can be problematic. It is partly contingent on technological prowess, equipment, internet access as well as space and privacy. Relatedly, e-mental health can hinder clinician capacity to conduct examinations, monitor child development as well as assess risk and the need for child protection. CONCLUSIONS: Given the benefits and limitations of e-mental health, a model that supports face-to-face mental healthcare and e-mental health may be of value. This model would require practical, yet flexible policies and protocols that protect the privacy of children and families, safeguard them from harm, and respect the needs and preferences of children, families and clinicians.

"More than words" - Longitudinal linguistic changes in the works of a writer diagnosed with semantic dementia.

Leveraging recent advances in automated language analysis and anovel statistical approach utilizing an independent control group, we explored changes in lexical output across two published works of a man diagnosed with semantic dementia. We found significant increase in adverb usage and decline in familiarity, meaningfulness, age of acquisition and co-occurrence probability over 2 years. Collectively, these indices suggest that WR's narrative structure became progressively simpler, lexically less sophisticated, and that words commonly associated together no longer appeared in close proximity. Our study illustrates how degeneration of the semantic knowledge base impacts the production, content, and quality of literary works.

Darwin's perception of nature and the question of disenchantment: a semantic analysis across the six editions of On the Origin of Species.

This body of work is motivated by an apparent contradiction between, on the one hand, Darwin's testimony in his autobiographical text about a supposed perceptual colour blindness before the aesthetic magnificence of natural landscapes, and, on the other hand, the last paragraph of On the Origin of Species, where he claims to perceive the forms of nature as beautiful and wonderful. My aim is to delve into the essence of the Darwinian perception of beauty in the context of the Weberian concept of "disenchantment of the world", assumed as a possible conceptual axis that enables the unravelling of the core of this contrast of perceptions. In acknowledging the theory of evolution as one of the most prominent scientific theories likely to have contributed to disenchantment, a number of questions arise: Is disenchantment compatible with aesthetic experience and sensibility before natural beauty? Was it Darwin's disenchanted conception of the world that led him to believe he was colour blind? To answer these questions, a computer-assisted semantic analysis of lexical frequency and variability, most especially focused on aesthetic-emotional and religious or spiritual adverbs and adjectives, has been undertaken across the six editions of The Origin. The semantic analysis demonstrates that, although disenchanted, Darwin's descriptions of, mainly, the adaptational excellence of living beings, reflect an aesthetically enriched perception of nature. It is concluded that Darwin's perceptual colour blindness, then, might be based on a confusion rooted in the equation of equality between aesthetic sensibility in nature and the perception of its beauty as part of the vestigia Dei.

O uso do software Iramuteq na análise de dados de entrevistas / The use of the Iramuteq software in the interview data analysis / El uso del software Iramuteq en el análisis de datos de entrevistas

O domínio metodológico na análise de dados é importante na formação em pesquisa. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os procedimentos de análise de dados oriundos de entrevistas qualitativas com apoio do Iramuteq, software gratuito de análise estatística textual. Foram analisados 38 artigos empíricos publicados entre 2009 e 2018, principalmente nas áreas de Enfermagem e Psicologia. Trinta e três usaram a técnica de Classificação Hierárquica Descendente (CHD), 12 a Análise de Similitude, e somente três a Análise Fatorial por Correspondência (AFC). Dos artigos analisados, 33 apresentaram justificativa de escolha do Iramuteq e 10 adotaram a Teoria das Representações Sociais como referencial teórico. A principal conclusão é a da subutilização dos recursos técnicos do Iramuteq, o que limita a compreensão mais ampla do fenômeno estudado. Apresentam-se sugestões de uso isolado e conjugado dos recursos de análise do Iramuteq para contribuir na formação metodológica de pesquisadores interessados na análise de dados textuais.

The methodological domain in data analysis is important in research training. The aim of this study was do analyze data analysis procedures from qualitative interviews supported by Iramuteq, a free textual statistical analysis software. We analyzed 38 empirical articles published between 2009 and 2018, mainly in the areas of Nursing and Psychology. Thirty-three used the technique of Descending Hierarchical Classification (DHC), 12 Similitude Analysis, and only three have used Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FAC). Thirty-three of the total presented justification for choosing Iramuteq and 10 adopted the Theory of Social Representations as a framework of theoretical analysis. We conclude that there is an underutilization of the Iramuteq's technical resources, which limits the understanding the phenomenon under study more extensively. Suggestions for single and combined use of the Iramuteq analysis resources are presented to contribute to the methodological training of researchers interested in the analysis of textual data.

El dominio metodológico en el análisis de datos es importante en la capacitación en investigación. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los procedimientos de análisis de datos de entrevistas cualitativas respaldadas por Iramuteq, un software de análisis estadístico textual gratuito. Analizamos 38 artículos empíricos publicados entre 2009 a 2018, principalmente en las áreas de Enfermería y Psicología. Treinta y tres utilizaron la Clasificación Jerárquica Descendente (CJD), 12 el análisis de similitud, sólo 3 utilizaron el análisis factorial de correspondencias (AFC). Treinta y tres justificaron la elección del Iramuteq y 10 tuvieron la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales como referencial teórico. Concluimos que existe una subutilización de los recursos técnicos de Iramuteq, lo que limita la comprensión más amplia del fenómeno estudiado. Se presentan sugerencias de uso aislado y combinado de los recursos del Iramuteq para contribuir a la formación metodológica de investigadores interesados en el análisis de datos textuales.

Detecting modeling inconsistencies in SNOMED CT using a machine learning technique.

SNOMED CT is a comprehensive and evolving clinical reference terminology that has been widely adopted as a common vocabulary to promote interoperability between Electronic Health Records. Owing to its importance in healthcare, quality assurance becomes an integral part of the lifecycle of SNOMED CT. While, manual auditing of every concept in SNOMED CT is difficult and labor intensive, identifying inconsistencies in the modeling of concepts without any context can be challenging. Algorithmic techniques are needed to identify modeling inconsistencies, if any, in SNOMED CT. This study proposes a context-based, machine learning quality assurance technique to identify concepts in SNOMED CT that may be in need of auditing. The Clinical Finding and the Procedure hierarchies are used as a testbed to check the efficacy of the method. Results of auditing show that the method identified inconsistencies in 72% of the concept pairs that were deemed inconsistent by the algorithm. The method is shown to be effective in both maximizing the yield of correction, as well as providing a context to identify the inconsistencies. Such methods, along with SNOMED International's own efforts, can greatly help reduce inconsistencies in SNOMED CT.

Lexical analysis of emotional responses to "real-world" experiences in individuals with schizophrenia.

Abnormalities in emotion perception, expression, and experience are considered a core component of schizophrenia. Previous laboratory studies have demonstrated that while individuals with schizophrenia report levels of positive emotions comparable to healthy individuals in response to positive stimuli, they also report co-occurring negative emotions in response to such stimuli. However, it is unknown whether this response pattern extends to "real world" naturalistic environments. To examine this question, we employed an experience sampling method (ESM) approach using mobile electronic devices to collect information up to 10 times/day over a two-day period from 53 individuals with schizophrenia and 19 non-clinical controls. As part of each experience sample, participants completed brief open-ended responses and answered questions about their emotional responses to three recent events (neutral, positive, and negative). Additionally, participants completed diagnostic and clinical measures. Lexical analyses were used to analyze ESM-based word production and characterize emotion word use. Compared to non-clinical controls, individuals with schizophrenia reported similar levels of positive emotion, but significantly higher negative emotion, which was associated with increased negative symptoms. The schizophrenia group used more anxiety words in response to negative and neutral events, and more anger words in response to positive events. Increased use of anger words was linked with elevations in positive symptoms as well as symptoms of depression, while use of sadness words was linked with anhedonia. Our findings support the co-activation of negative emotion hypothesis documented in laboratory settings and provide evidence of its ecological validity. Implications for functioning and future directions are discussed.

What does it mean to conduct participatory research with Indigenous peoples? A lexical review.

BACKGROUND: To better understand and promote public health, participatory research with Indigenous peoples represents recommended practice, worldwide. However, due to the different ways such research is referred to, described, and used, it is unclear what might (and might not) warrant the term when collaborating with Indigenous peoples. As such, this article expands conceptual understandings of participatory research with Indigenous peoples, across timelines and regions. METHOD: Following a systematic search of 29 academic databases in April 2018, a lexical analysis of the methods sections was conducted, which were sourced from 161 publications across 107 journals. RESULTS: The active involvement of Indigenous peoples in research that is expressly participatory is limited across all project phases. This might be because the ways in which Indigenous peoples were involved throughout were not reported - however, it might also be because Indigenous peoples were not involved in all project phases. Furthermore, descriptions differ by study location and publication timeframe - notably, studies in the region of the Americas chiefly refer to pandemics, surveyors, and art; and those published in the last two decades have given primacy to artifacts of interest. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this corpus of data suggest participatory research with Indigenous peoples is not always described across different project phases; furthermore, it differs according to study location and publication timeframe. This offers considerable opportunity to further this important research area via alternative methodologies that award primacy to Indigenous expertise and agency.

[The organization of medical service of the Interior Ministry of Russia in 2017].

The article presents a comprehensive analysis and assessment of the state of regional characteristics of morbidity with temporary disability, disability and mortality of employees of the internal affairs bodies of Russia. The source of the data was medical statistical reports generated by the medical and sanitary units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia using lexical analysis of medical documentation.

What kills us and what moves us: A comparative discourse analysis of heart disease and breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Heart disease kills nearly 300,000 US women annually, while approximately 40,000 US women die of breast cancer. Breast cancer online patient communities are well known for their high engagement and emotional support. This exploratory study compared social media discourse on breast cancer with discourse related to heart disease. METHODS: Computer-assisted text analysis of two corpora composed of Twitter posts using #BreastCancer and #HeartDisease hashtags from December 2013 to December 2014. Lexical analysis (word and hashtag level) used AntConc software and lexicogrammatical analysis (style and stance) was conducted with DocuScope. RESULTS: The #BreastCancer corpus consisted of 592,046 posts, 57% of which were not original to the user (retweets). #HeartDisease had 269,769 posts (13% retweets). Social media discourse about #BreastCancer and #HeartDisease drew attention to women, new developments, appeals for help and disease risks. The #BreastCancer corpus incorporates gendered language and associations with art and activism, while posts about #HeartDisease were discussed scientifically in concert with other diseases. The #BreastCancer corpus uniquely included community-specific initialism hashtags. Stance analysis of the #BreastCancer corpus revealed more socially oriented posts, marked by language of constructive reasoning, inclusive language and abstract thought, while #HeartDisease corpus posts were more scholarly, used contingent and oppositional reasoning, language from institutional and academic registers, citations and meta-discourse. CONCLUSION: The #HeartDisease social media community is less engaged, and content is less specific to both the disease and individual experience than #BreastCancer. Cultivating a women-focused heart disease online community might replicate some of the #BreastCancer community's successes.

Evaluating lexical similarity and modeling discrepancies in the procedure hierarchy of SNOMED CT.

BACKGROUND: SNOMED CT is a standardized and comprehensive clinical terminology that is used in Electronic Health Records to capture, store and access clinical data of patients. Studies have, however, shown that there are inconsistencies inherent in the modeling of concepts in SNOMED CT that can have an impact on its usage to record clinical data and in clinical decision-making tools. METHODS: An effective lexical approach to identifying inconsistencies with high likelihood in the structural modeling of the concepts of SNOMED CT is discussed and assessed. The approach uses the two or more concepts in the context of their lexical similarity to compare their modeling in order to identify inconsistencies. A sample of 50 sets is randomly picked from the Procedure hierarchy of SNOMED CT and evaluated for inconsistencies. RESULTS: Of the 50 randomly picked sets, 58% are found to exhibit one or more concepts with inconsistencies. In terms of concepts, 29% of the 146 concepts are found to exhibit one or more inconsistencies. CONCLUSIONS: The assessment of the sample concepts shows that SNOMED CT is not free from inconsistencies which may affect its use in clinical care and decision support systems. The proposed methodology is found to be effective in identifying areas of SNOMED CT that may be in need of quality assessment.

Question order and student understanding of structure and function.

The relationship between structure and function is a core concept in physiology education. Written formative assessments can provide insight into student learning of the structure and function relationship, which can then inform pedagogy. However, question order may influence student explanations. We explored how the order of questions from different cognitive levels affects student explanations. A junior level General Physiology class was randomly split in half. One-half of the students answered, "Define the principle: form reflects function," followed by "Give an example of the principle: form reflects function" (format DX), whereas the other half answered, "Give an example of the principle: form reflects function," followed by "Define the principle: form reflects function" (format XD). Human grading and computerized lexical analysis were used to evaluate student responses. Two percent of students in the format DX group related structure and function in their definition, whereas 48% of students related structure and function in their examples. In the format XD group, 17% related structure and function in their definition, and 26% related structure and function in their example of the principle. Overall, students performed better on the last question in the sequence, which may be evidence for conceptual priming. Computerized lexical analysis revealed that students draw on only a few levels of organization and may be used by instructors to quickly assess the levels of organization students use in their responses. Written assessment coupled with lexical analysis has the potential to reveal student understanding of core concepts in anatomy and physiology education.

Describing Placebo Phenomena in Medicine: A Linguistic Approach.

The present paper reviews how language and communication are used to describe placebo phenomena in medicine, with particular reference at key points to the question of pain. Selected aspects of placebo language are submitted to lexical, grammatical and semantic analysis. We distinguish three uses of placebo, with three semantic components: "pleasing," inert medication or procedure, and what is often called "deception." The three uses of placebo are: Placebo-treatment, which combines all three semantic components: "pleasing" patients with inert treatments, and possibly with "deception." Placebo-trial, which refers to the closely defined inert control in Randomized Controlled Trials. Placebo-rapport, which covers all aspects of the health care encounter, excluding therapeutic interventions, but including psychosocial factors which can have a beneficial effect on the patient. Three key conclusions emerge from this analysis. First, the "deception" connotation of placebo found in placebo-treatment can contaminate the use of placebo-trial and especially placebo-rapport. Second, the enlarged "pleasing" framework of placebo-rapport, which includes the benefits of quality appropriate and helpful medical care, forces us to ask whether placebo-trial in Randomized Controlled Trials has in fact been a neutral baseline control. Biopsychosocial and other factors in placebo-rapport may have influenced the outcomes of many trials in medicine and pharmacology. And third, extending placebo-rapport to embrace all aspects of clinical care (except specific medication or procedural interventions) and psychosocial factors of the health care encounter engages patient beliefs, mindsets and interpersonal dynamics, as well as values and contextual and cultural issues. These take placebo-rapport substantially beyond what is currently seen as its identity and modes of operation.

Repertórios interpretativos acerca do preconceito racial no futebol / Interpretative repertoires about racial prejudice in football Racial prejudice in football / Repertorios interpretativos acerca del prejuicio racial en el fútbol Prejuicio racial en el fútbol

Neste trabalho objetivou-se analisar os repertórios interpretativos utilizados pelas pessoas para se posicionarem diante de situações de preconceito racial no futebol. Participaram 295 universitários, com idade média de 21 anos, sendo 37,1% do sexo masculino e 62,9% do sexo feminino. Utilizou-se um questionário com uma história fictícia na qual um torcedor de um time de futebol xingava um jogador do time adversário com termos depreciativos relacionados à sua cor. Em seguida, perguntava-se se isso seria uma demonstração de preconceito e pedia-se para que a resposta fosse justificada. A análise lexical das justificativas mostrou que, das cinco classes encontradas, quatro apresentam a ideia de que o preconceito existe e apenas uma nega sua existência. Esses resultados são discutidos enfatizando o fato que o contexto do futebol se apresenta como um cenário propício para investigar expressões flagrantes de preconceito racial porque existe a justificativa plausível da competição.

The aim of this study was to analyze the interpretative repertoires that people use to position themselves for or against in relation to racial prejudice situations in football. 295 college students took part in this research, with a mean of 21 years old; 37.1% were male and 62.9% female. A questionnaire in which participants responded to questions about a fictitious situation in which a supporter insulted a player of the rival team because of the color of his skin was used. Immediately after respondents were asked to justify whether the situation presented could be considered as an example of racial prejudice. The lexical analysis performed showed that, out of the five classes found, four of them presented the idea that prejudice exists and only one denies its existence. These results are discussed stressing the fact that the context of football represents an excellent setting to research situations of flagrant racial prejudice since the competition acts as plausible justification.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los repertorios interpretativos utilizadas por las personas para posicionarse frente a situaciones de prejuicio racial en el fútbol. Participaron 295 estudiantes universitarios, con una edad media de 21 años, de los cuales un 37,1% eran hombres y un 62,9% eran mujeres. Se utilizó un cuestionario con una historia ficticia en la cual un aficionado de un equipo de fútbol insultaba a un jugador del equipo adversario con frases despectivas relativas al color de su piel. Posteriormente, se preguntaba sobre si dichas expresiones podrían considerarse como una demostración de prejuicio y se pedía que las respuestas fuesen explicadas. El análisis lexical de las justificaciones dadas mostró que, de las cinco clases encontradas, cuatro presentan la idea de que el prejuicio existe y apenas una niega su existencia. Estos resultados son discutidos enfatizando el hecho de que el contexto del fútbol se presenta como un escenario propicio para investigar las expresiones flagrantes de prejuicio racial porque existe la justificación plausible de la competición.

O que dizem as mães sobre a relação mãe e bebê? / What do mothers say about the mother and baby relation? / ¿Lo que dicen las madres acerca de la relación entre la madre y el bebé?

Objetivo: apreender o que dizem as mães sobre a relação mãe e bebê. Método: estudo descritivo,exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, realizada a partir de entrevistas em profundidade com seis mães dediferentes níveis instrucionais, tratadas via Análise Lexical pelo software Alceste. Resultados: emergiram trêsclasses, representando respectivamente 55% (classe 1), 26% (classe 2) e 19% (classe 3) do corpus. O foco deatenção na relação mãe e bebê ficou expressivamente voltado aos cuidados básicos (classe 1), onde nela asmães com escolaridade mais baixa representaram suas falas de forma mais expressiva. A mãe com maior nívelde escolaridade atentou a aspectos mais complexos da interação, transcendendo a descrição dos cuidadosbásicos. Conclusão: a escolaridade materna pode ser um fator interveniente ao exercício da função maternaou a sua significação, influenciando tanto a narrativa do estilo de laço como também a forma de cuidado.

Objective: to learn what mothers say about the mother and baby relation. Method: descriptive and exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, conducted with in-depth interviews with six mothers of different instructional levels, treated by Lexical Analysis by Alceste software. Results: three classes emerged, representing respectively 55% (Class 1), 26% (Class 2) and 19% (class 3) of the corpus. The focus of attention in the mother and baby relation was significantly focused on primary care (Class 1), where the mothers with lower education represented their speeches more expressively. The mother with the highest level of education looked the more complex aspects of interaction, transcending the description of primary care. Conclusion: the maternal education may influence on the exercise of maternal function or its significance, influencing both the bond narrative style as the care.(AU)

Objetivo: comprender lo que dicen las madres acerca de la relación entre la madre y el bebé. Método: estudio descriptivo y exploratorio, con enfoque cualitativo, realizado a partir de entrevistas en profundidad con seis madres de los diferentes niveles de enseñanza, a través de Análisis léxico por el software Alceste. Resultados: tres clases surgieron, lo que representa respectivamente el 55% (clase 1), 26% (clase 2) y 19% (clase 3) del corpus. El foco de atención en la relación madre y el bebé se centró, en gran medida, de la atención primaria (Clase 1), donde sus madres con educación inferior representado su forma de hablar más expresivo. La madre con el más alto nivel de educación se veía los aspectos más complejos de interacción, más allá de la descripción de la atención básica. Conclusión: la educación materna puede ser un factor que interviene en el ejercicio de la función materna o su significado, influyendo tanto en la narrativa de estilo de bucle, así como la atención.(AU)

Language and hope in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.

Hope is integral to recovery for those with schizophrenia. Considering recent advancements in the examination of clients' lexical qualities, we were interested in how clients' words reflect hope. Using computerized lexical analysis, we examined social, emotion, and future words' relations to hope and its pathways and agency components. Forty-five clients provided detailed narratives about their life and mental illness. Transcripts were analyzed using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count program (LIWC), which assigns words to categories (e.g., "anxiety") based on a pre-existing dictionary. Correlations and linear multiple regression were used to examine relationships between lexical qualities and hope. Hope and its subcomponents had significant or trending bivariate correlations in expected directions with several emotion-related word categories (anger and sadness) but were not associated with expected categories such as social words, positive emotions, optimism, achievement, and future words. In linear multiple regressions, no LIWC variable significantly predicted hope agency, but anger words significantly predicted both total hope and hope pathways. Our findings indicate lexical analysis tools can be used to investigate recovery-oriented concepts such as hope, and results may inform clinical practice. Future research should aim to replicate our findings in larger samples.